Ritual Art Celtic Society :: History Religion Religious Essays

Ritual Art Celtic Society Pre-Christian Celtic Society About the pre-Romantic period of Celtic civilization (from the end of the 6th century BCE to some time in the first century CE) there is little written as record of their culture or ritual. We know of there existence through reference by Greek writers to their relation to the source of the Danube and to their being near the Greek colony that became Marseilles. Later writings refer to their rituals and superstitions, which had, as with other uncivilized cultures, played a huge part in the lives of the people. But much interest lies in this culture for those who have heritage in their people and those who are interested in the "pagan" religions that existed before the dominance of Chirtianity. As with most pre-world religion cultures, a belief in magic was a powerful stigma for much of the art and architecture found in the area occupied by the Celts. Artisans of the time recorded the rituals of sacrifice in relief imagery. These practices were performed sometimes by drowning the victims in pots, other times dropping the offered bodies into pits or burning them alive, animals and humans alike, in massive wooden structures in the shape of a figure. Descriptions of these events come mostly from Roman writings, many by Caesar. These writings present a fearful view of these pagan rituals; a fear that is attributed in part to their gruesome nature and in part to the heavily forested landscape in which they took place. This landscape was unlike any land in Roman areas which had been heavily farmed for long periods. Thus the image of the fearful and cruel Celts was created iin the eyes of the Chirstian west. Celtic Mythology and Ritual The mythology of the pagan Celtic tribes lacked the distinct pantheon that cultures similar to the Greeks possessed. Their deities were varied, with only general connections from one area to another. Though some terminology and imagery was evidently borrowed from other cultures, specifically the Aryan and Italic, the Celtic cults remained separate from any other culture in their exact beliefs and ceremonies. Most of the cults' mythologies contained some reference to a union between a God, often referred to as Dagda, meaning the good or all-competent God, and a goddess, referred to as Morrigan, the Demon Queen. This union was the most important focus of ceremony and myth. The recitation of this myth and others was another portion of the ritual practices that Druids performed with the same intent; a show of respect to the gods with the hope of beneficial retribution.

Global Problems Such As Climate Change Greenhouse Effect Engineering Essay

Nowadays people are faced with many planetary jobs, such as clime alteration, nursery consequence, acid rains, air and H2O pollution, etc. One of the major jobs is air pollution. Air contain waste gases from cars, such as oxides of sulfur, N, C monoxide, which combine in air with H2O or other atoms, organizing unsafe compounds, destructing ozone bed and precipitating with acerb rains. Many solutions are proposed presents, such as utilizing environmentally friendly fuels, change the auto or engine design. One of possible solutions is auto mass decrease. For illustration, â€Å" each 100 g of decrease of auto mass consequences in salvaging 0.3 liters of fuel per 100 kilometer, which equals to 0.6 – 0.7 kilogram of CO2 † ( Steeluniversity.org ) But how can the mass decrease be implemented? Harmonizing to the equation, mass depends on the volume and the denseness of the stuff: As it is seen from the equation auto mass can be reduced by taking the stuff with lower denseness or by cut downing the volume of auto parts. In footings of the first solution steel remains to be the most suited stuff because of it ‘s mechanical belongingss. Steel has satisfied formability, articulation ability and output strength. Customers are happy with steel. Almost all autos are made from steels and the industry has all agencies and conditions for it. However, unstained steel is rather expensive and coating must be used. There are besides some alternate stuffs with lower denseness – Ti ( I?=4.52 ) , aluminum ( I?=2.71 ) , glass ( I?=2.55-3.55 ) , Mg ( 1.71 ) , composite ( 1.55-1.93 ) , polymer ( 0.9-1.7 ) , cloths ( 0.8-0.9 ) , white pine ( 0.51 ) . ( Istochnic ) . But they can non be used by several grounds: Cost – auto doors made of Ti, Mg, aluminum can be really expensive, so that clients will non accept these autos. Lower mechanical belongingss. Cars may non go through clang trials Poor formability Joining troubles -it can be hard to fall in such auto outer door panel with the body-in-white. Extremist alterations of the whole fabrication procedure may be required The alteration of the stuff may ensue in the alteration of assembly fixtures, organizing dies, etc. Further probes are necessary Some of these stuffs are already used in luxury autos, such as Lotus. ( Istochnik ) . But for household autos it seems to be impropriate. Hence, steel is chosen for the auto door outer panel. To cut down auto mass another parametric quantity can be changed – V ( volume of the constituent – in our instance the volume of door ) . We can non extinguish this constituent due to safety demands. We can non change the surface of the door, because it can do the alterations of the whole building. That is why the merely possible thing we can make is to understate the thickness of the door which seems to be the best option. However, we should utilize another type of steel to follow with all safety and design standards. Purposes to cut down the auto outer door panel mass at least by 25 % take the thickness of the door carry out trials on formability, articulation ability, corrosion opposition, dent and oil-canning trials take the steel and coating method Calculate weight and cost nest eggs When planing auto door the most important belongingss should be considered are: Joinability – the ability of steel to fall in, depend on the chemical science and strength ( Istochnik I change ) Formability – ability to accept the desirable signifier deue to fictile distortion. With the addition of strength formability decreases ( Change and Istochnik ) Corrosion opposition – bar of the destructive onslaught by the environment ( alteration and Istochnik ) Dent opposition – the ability of the stuff to defy local distortions. Small defects can be caused by rocks ( Change and Istochnik ) Furthermore trials are needed to be carried out in order to look into the belongingss of chosen stuff. Dent and Oil-canning trials Dent trial and Oil-canning trials are required to find the thickness and the output strength of auto door panel. The minimal values of this parametric quantities following with this demands should be found. Difference between as-received output and the concluding output strength. IstochnikThickness, millimeterAs-formed output strength, MpaPanel curvature, millimeterPanel mass, kg0.56305 49 3.980.58305 43 4.120.60290 38 4.250.62290 35 4.400.68277 27 4.830.70240 25 4.970.72240 23 5.110.76240 21 5.400.80190 19 5.68 Table 1. Date from the dent and oil-canning trials for each thickness Figure 1. Yield Strength against curvature for each thickness What parameters does the dent trial depend on? What parameters does the warp trial depend on? Which strength is needed for each thickness? Corrosion opposition The life-time warrant for auto door panel is 12 old ages. Several factors contribute to the corrosion opposition, including the stuff chosen. Stainless steel has first-class opposition to corrosion, but it will be really expensive to bring forth auto from this stuff. Uncoated steel will non last for 12 old ages harmonizing to rust procedure. So, the coated steel is the most cost effectual manner of bettering corrosion opposition of an uncoated merchandise. There are several types of coatings, viz. : pigment coating, Sn coating, Zn coating, Cr coating and polymer coating. Paint, Sn, polymer, Cr can give aesthetic consequence but one time scratched it will non protect steel from the corrosion because they act merely like a barrier. Serious environmental concerns and high cost can be deal with in the instance of polymers and Cr. Furthermore, extra coating may be needed to give the appropriate coating and surface required by clients and marketing co-workers. That is why Zn seems to be the best coating stuff. Even if scratched it will give the steel. It gives an first-class protection due to sacrificial mechanism. However, extra bed is needed to obtained coloring material that consumers need. Industry criterion corrosion trial is carried out in order to find the thickness of Zn coating and technique for using Zn coating. First Zn coated sheet 150Ãâ€"100 nanometer is treated with Zn phosphate, premier with catodic electrocoat, spray with white based coat and finish with clear coat. Scribe the painted steel – one diagonal abrasion through the coatings to the steel. The sheets are subjected to the 80 rhythms. – one per twenty-four hours. This corresponds to 3.4 old ages of exposure to existent conditions. Measurement showed how many millimeter of pigment next to the Scribe was removed. Due to the experiments day of the month the most effectual type of surfacing are HD galvanised and HD galvannealed. Cold rolled steels showed the worst corrosion opposition.Coating typeCoating weight, g*m2Average scribe weirdo, millimeterElectrogalvanized steel30 2.7Electrogalvanized steel+Zn rich primer40 2.8Hot dip galvanized steel45 2.6Electrogalvanized steel60 2.1Electrogalvanize steel70 1.6Hot dip galvanized steel67 1.7Hot dip galvanized steel107 1.4 The size of the auto door is 700Ãâ€"1000 millimeter. So, the country of the door is: S= 700*1000=700 000 mm2 It is known that the average loss of pigment is 0.01 % after 12 old ages. The country of paint loss can be calculated as: Spain loss=700 000*0.01/100=70 mm2 If this happen due to one abrasion, it may be possible to cipher the mean scribe weirdo after these 12 old ages. However, it is assumed that horizontal Scribe is non governed by the length of the abrasion. Scribe creep12 years=70/10=7 millimeter Similarly, Scribe creep1 year= 7 / 12 = 0.583 millimeter Scribe creep3.4 twelvemonth = 0.583 * 3.4 = 1.9822 a†°? 2 millimeter Using the above secret plan it is possible to happen the thinnest coating matching to 2mm scribe weirdo. The thinnest coating is 60 g. per mm2 or 8.4 A µm. The surface coating and the cost depend on the type of surfacing. The average cost for 60 g/mm2 coating is the undermentioned: 1.27 for galvanneal steel ; 1.3 for dip galvanized and 1.33 for electrogalvanized. Similarly the surface finish index is 1, 0.95 and 0.9, severally. Hot dip galvanized coating was chosen for this instance, because this coating showed itself better during corrosion trial and it has the mean values of the cost and surface finish index. Formability During formability trial a steel foliage is analyzing at particular imperativeness. This trial demonstrates the location of major strains in auto door panel. The angle parts of the panel a most likely to tear during forming. To prove these corners Forming Limit Diagram is applied. It is seen from the trial that the location of the secret plan on the Diagram depends on several factors, such as strength, type of the coat and oil for lubrication. To put the points to the safe country the undermentioned parametric quantities were chosen: Thickness t = 0.6 millimeter As-received yield-strength 290 Mpa Coating – hot dip galvinised Lubricant – Oil 2 The as-received strength alters the work indurating advocate which affects stretching of the steel sheet. In our instance the minimal work indurating advocate was found to be 0.2. We besides do n't take into history the R value since deep drawing is non utilize for auto door panel. Joinability There several types of fall ining techniques, such as adhesive bonding, concentrating and welding. Adhesive bonding is non normally used for auto door because it is technically complicated and economically unbeneficial. Riveting is used for some parts of autos but this method is impracticable for doors, since it would impact the visual aspect of the vehicle. In this instance welding seems to be the most appropriative. Steels are easy welded together, what is widely used in industry. Among the great sum of welding techniques ( electron beam welding, optical maser welding, seam welding, metal inert gas welding, opposition topographic point welding, discharge welding, clash welding ) opposition topographic point welding is the best pick for auto door outer panel. This technique is accessible and easy. the thickness of the steel sheet and the type of surfacing can impact fall ining procedure. That is why joinability trials should be carried out to look into if steel sheets with chosen coatings can be welded together. During the trial the following values were determined: Thickness, T millimeter 0.6 As-formed output strength, MPa 210 Load, kN 1.9 Welding current, kA 8.0 Welding clip, rhythms 8 Hold clip, rhythms 10 Coating Hot-dip galvanized Electrode life 2000 dyer's rockets 1 rhythm = 0.02 s What is the minimal and maximal current that produces acceptable dyer's rockets? Which is the minimal and maximal electrode force? What is the minimal and maximal dyer's rocket rate? Determine this inquiries when there is no coating Steel choice Now we have to take the steel class. Harmonizing to our consequences, we were proposed 6 types of steel: The BH220 Bake Hard steel was chosen. The comparative tabular array of current and chosen steels: Comparative parametric quantity Original Experimental Steel thickness, millimeter 0.8 0.6 Steel curvature, millimeter 10 38 Coating, type/thickness 0/0 3/8.4 Min burden, N 1.1 1.9 Min welding current, kA 5 8 Min welding clip, rhythms 7 8 Hold clip, rhythms 10 10 Consequences.Decision.

Leo Tolstoy essays

Leo Tolstoy essays Though Leo Tolstoy is most well-known for his novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, which he wrote when he was in his forties, pieces written after he turned fifty were the ones that clearly established the philosophy known as Tolstoyism. Tolstoyism is a philosophy that denounces the "artificial refinements of society" (2) material wealth, private property, alcohol and tobacco, patriotism, military conscription, and capital punishment - and advocates vegetarianism and pacifism. The paragraph cited above, form A confession, is important because it illustrates Tolstoy's reflection on his own life. This reflection would eventually lead to the author's conversion-which involved renouncing his prior emphasis on rational analysis and accepting his faith in God as the reason for human life, renouncing all of his worldly possessions, including his copyrights, and becoming a vegetarian. After his religious "rebirth,"" the author simplified his writing style in order to reach the lower and m iddle classes, and became involved in religious popularism- communion with peasants and working peple in an effort to alleviate their problems (3). Tolstoyism and religious populism have been influential to many religious radicals. Mohandas Ghandi expressed the impact that Tolstoy had on him- citing the essay entitled The kingdom of God is Within You, in which Tolstoy emphasizes the use of non-resistance to evil (4). The creation of a moral philosophy was a lifelong process for Tolstoy. Born 1828 at Yasnaya Polyana in the Russian province of Tula, the author gained recognition at the age of 24 after publishing the novel Childhood, and remained famous until his death in 1910 (5). He went into the Russian army for the four years that followed and was stationed in the Caucasus. Here, he wrote The raid in 1853, published in the, The contemporary, the same literary journal that had published Childhood. The second in his biographical trilogy, Boyho...

How to Write a Deductive Essay on Emma Larkin’s #8220;Finding George Orwell in Burma#8221;

How to Write a Deductive Essay on Emma Larkin’s #8220;Finding George Orwell in Burma#8221; Deductive essay writing is a form of essay writing which evaluates your knowledge of concepts. When writing such an essay, your piece must be based on the idea that a single concept in the form of a set of circumstances or a single concept in the form of different premises can be used from which to draw a reasonable assumption about what the current state of that situation is (for your deductive essay you can select a great topic by flicking trough the list based on â€Å"Finding Orwell in Burma† by E. Larkin). This is, essentially, a type of puzzle that has to be solved by the reader by giving them enough information. For Example: If your goal in the work is to show that the Burmese government committed human rights violations, you would want to take individual factors about the actions of the Burmese government and present them to the reader so that the reader can weigh each individual factor and their knowledge about each factor as an individual set of events or actions, then add the group of events or actions together, and from that, find a conclusion. The use of surveillance, torture, imprisonment, and death might be separate events or acts which the reader uses to conclude that the human rights violations took place. For a deductive essay there are three main components: 1) Premise The premise is the first component. It is a basic belief or a basic fact which you use as the foundation from which the reader will draw conclusions. You might present more than one premise in your argument. This is perfectly acceptable. You can get some facts from the suggested ones on â€Å"Finding Orwell in Burma† by E. Larkin. 2) Evidence The evidence you present functions as the second component. The evidence is what support you have for your premise. This can be a story you have analyzed, information that has been collected, or something that was observed. For Example: If your goal in the work is to show that the Burmese government committed human rights violations, you would want to use the observations presented in the book as your evidence. 3) Conclusion The conclusion is the third and final element contained in the essay. This is where you present your final analysis of the situation which you have presented. The final analysis has to be based on your different premises and the evidence you have collected. For Example: Premise: All horses are animals. Evidence: Mary Lou is a Horse. Conclusion: Mary Lou is an animal. Obviously this example is rudimentary, but it nonetheless offers great insight into the process and helps to simplify it for the sake of learning. Deductive reasoning is something founded on the most local deduction you can make with all of the pieces of evidence you have at your disposal. It must also focus on the most likely or the most reasonable outcome. Your conclusion may not be the only one, but it should be the most likely. Your essay should be clear and remain focused with each paragraph reserved for a particular point or aspect and its supporting details and examples. The more support you have in terms of evidence, the stronger your conclusion will be. The opposite is also true: if you have weak evidence your conclusion will be weak.

Internet Service Providers and their customer switching essays

Internet Service Providers and their customer switching essays Internet Service Providers and their Customer Switching The rapid growth in New Zealand Internet use, combined with relatively easy market entry by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) has resulted in the competitive supply of Internet services. 2001 Census Snapshot1 (Who has access to the internet?) from Statistics New Zealand indicates almost 4 in 10 households have access to the internet in New Zealand, especially with households in the Auckland and Wellington regions, they have the highest rates of internet access at nearly 9 in 20. On the other hand, empirical evidence collected points out the seriousness of the competitive threat ISPs have to face while they capitalize on the large population of Internet users. The research conducted by Nielsen/Net Ratings2 (19/11/2001) shown on the number of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) within each country in comparison to the country's population presents New Zealand has ranked 7th place globally, having 36 ISPs within a relatively small population of 3.8 million. That means slightly over 100,000 head counts per ISP in New Zealand. From the marketers perspective today, challenges and opportunities coexist in the broad marketplace; undoubtedly any ISP without exception needs to exert all the marketing efforts to retain current customers and attract new customers as well while the pressure to make money has increased substantially as income from Web advertisements has dropped in recent years. Analysis of customer retention and its impact has received recent attention in much research (e.g. Keaveney 1995;Reichheld and Sasser 1990). This paper focuses on specific industry-Internet service providers and is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses how important switching and switching barriers are in Internet service providers sector, whilst the reasons why customers/businesses stay with one ISP even though they may have seriously considered alternatives will be examined ...

W.L. Gore Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

W.L. Gore - Assignment Example In this regard, the company manufactures lifesaving cardiovascular equipment and guitar strings. The manufacturing operations of the company are spread across China, Scotland, Germany and Japan. The company is renowned for its innovative fabric known as GORE-TEX that has led to its achievement of over 2,000 patents globally. Its brand is visible in jackets, head ware, boots, gloves, guitar strings and NASA astronauts’ space suites (Gore, 2008). The work ethic of employees is based on lattices that promote direct interaction between associates. Thus the employees transcend to leaders subject to their attributes in attracting followers and gaining the respect of their colleagues (Gore, 2008). Furthermore, each manufacturing plant is allocated a minimum number of associates since it maximizes returns and synergies as well as contributing to the improvement of quality. In addition, the company continuously constructs new manufacturing plants within its area of operations. For example, there are 18 manufacturing plants within a radius of 30 miles in Delaware OF United States (Gore, 2008). In this regard, the employees of Gore have exhibited a positive attitude in their wo rk and increased quality of output. This has led to the company’s success in which it has consistently been listed as among the top 100 companies to work in as an employee. The company is renowned for a structure that goes against the conventional business leadership model in that it employees a structure that is hierarchy free. In this regard, the company has no managers, job titles or descriptions (Jackson, Schuler, & Werner, 2011). The only structure is composed leaders and associates. The company equally does not have any union representation or defined Human Resource procedures or policies. In this regard, the company is not aligned with the standard or conventional Human Resource structure. In addition, the company promotes the philosophy of ‘natural leadership’ in that

Outsourcing Impact on loyalty in the organization Dissertation

Outsourcing Impact on loyalty in the organization - Dissertation Example Among these underlying factors include the need to satisfy the following: (1) increase customer service satisfaction; (2) make use of efficient website; (3) offer flexibility in logistics services; (4) set high goal achievement and goal exceedance; (5) create a â€Å"proactive cost improvement† and â€Å"proactive performance improvement†; (6) establish a strong brand image; (7) promote partner-specific adaptations in 3PLs; (8) establish and maintain a high quality logistics service; and (9) increase operational performance. To ensure that customer loyalty in logistics outsourcing is possible, this study highly recommends the need to establish a strong brand image, increase operational performance, and increase customer service satisfaction. Establishing a strong brand image is possible by continuously improve its operational performance in order to keep its customers satisfied. To increase both operational performance and customer satisfaction, investment in highly eff icient website is a must. It is also important to use goal achievement and goal exceedance to closely monitor the company’s ability to meet or exceed the goals or expectations of its existing customers. Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 2 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Aims/Purpose of the Study ....................................................................... 5 1.2 Research Objectives ................................................................................. 5 1.3 Research Questions .................................................................................. 5 1.4 Significance of the Study ........................... .............................................. 6 1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study ......................................................... 7 2. Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Customer Loyalty and Its Benefits ........................................................... 8 2.2 General Information about Logistics and Logistics Outsourcing ............ 11 2.3 The Underlying Factors that Increases Customer Loyalty in Logistics Outsourcing .............................................................................. 14 3. Research Methodology ............................................................................................ 18 3.1 Data Collection Strategy .......................................................................... 18 3.2 Structure of the Literature Review .......................................................... 19 3.3 Research Ethics ............................ ........................................................... 20 4. Research Findings and Discussion .......................................................................... 21 5. Conclusion and Recommendations ......................................................................... 25 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦